ABO BLOOD GROUPS
-Blood group system which is based upon four different types of blood and these are A, B, AB and O.
ALLELE
-Alternate expression for a gene.
-Genetic variation of a specified population.
-Natural chemicals that combine together to make up proteins.
-An enzyme used in PCR to produce multiple copies of a specific DNA region.
AMPLIFIED FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM (AFLP)
-Similar to RFLP in which restriction enzyme can cut DNA chain into specific lengths but has an additional feature to amplify these DNA regions.
-Harmful chemicals, which causes the body to produce antibodies.
AUTORADS (AUTORADIOGRAPHS)
-X ray film that contains DNA prints.
-Misalignment of DNA bands.
-A basic component of DNA and it consist of four bases and these are named Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G). These bases are a chemical component called nucleotides.
-The pairing up of bases. (A) will only pair up with (T) and (C) will pair up with (G).
BIAS (statistical term)
- How far a parameter is from the average.
-The variety or species of animals and plants in a particular environment.
-Movement of liquids through tiny tubes.
- DNA consists of thread of genes contained within the nucleus.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
-A chemical responsible for carrying genetic information, which is found in all living things.
-A set of biological data derived from DNA, which is stored on computer.
-Primarily focus on the analysis of the length of DNA fragments of multiple repeating units of DNA sequence.
-The process of assessing the competency of laboratory technician and assessing the accuracy of the laboratory and results. This is usually achieved by sending dummy samples to the laboratories to determine the proficiency tests, usually in the form of false positives.
-Primarily focus on the relative position of DNA sequences at different locations on a DNA strand.
-The spiral stairs like structure of a DNA molecule. (See Fig. 10)
-The separation of different sizes of DNA fragments using electricity.
-Biological proteins, which are used as catalysts that alters the rate of specific chemical reactions within the cells.
- The incorrect reporting of an assumed negative reported test that was later found to be positive.
- The incorrect reporting of an assumed positive test that was later found later to be false.
-The use of the national DNA database to search of a matching DNA profile of a suspect compared with DNA found at the crime scene. However, if the database has indicated a closely related profile then the police will investigate other family members to determine if there is a complete match in DNA profiles. Familial searching of DNA will be increasingly used to apprehend criminals.
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FEDERAL BUREAU of INVESTIGATION (FBI)
- A US system of governmental departments carrying out systematic enquires to establish the truth.
-Responsible for heredity. Each gene is the biological building block that consists of many base sequences and can be found on specific sites on a chromosome.
GENETIC LOCI
-The location where specific DNA sequences can be found.
-Genetic material of an animal or plant that has been altered in order to produce engineered characteristics.
GENOME
-Represents the total genetic material on the chromosome.
-Genetic makeup of an individual.
-The passing on of genetic characteristics of successive genes to siblings.
- Individual having two different genes (or two genes are found at a particular locus, the individual is said to be heterozygous at the loci).
-Individual having two identical genes (or if one gene is present at the locus, the person is said to be homozygous).
-When complimentary strands of DNA are paired together from different sources at precise matching base pair sites.
- A section of the DNA molecule in which the DNA sequences show variation.
ILLUMINATOR
-Special device, which detects the presence of DNA bands on autorads.
IRRESOLVABLE MIXTURE
- When several individual s contributed to a DNA profile and the alleles cannot be isolated to a single source. The profile is said to be an irresolvable mixture.
LIKELIHOOD RATIO
-The ratio that the DNA profile came from a particular individual compared with that of the DNA came from an unrelated individual.
LOCUS
-The position of a gene on a chromosome.
LOW COPY NUMBER (LCN)
-DNA typing technique based upon a very small number of the cells. DNA material is extracted from these cells and is copied many times over using PCR.
-The significance of one person DNA profile determined from a mixture.
-A specific location of known DNA sequences on a chromosome is used to help to identify the genetic variation of an individual.
-A standard in which DNA bands from different lanes are aligned in the same positions.
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (m-DNA)
- DNA derived from the mitochondria and not the nucleus.
- A probe that detect genes from multiple sites and produce an excess of 30 DNA bands.
- An alteration of DNA bases sequences, which may have a change in characteristics.
NATIONAL DNA DATABASE (NDNAD)
- The storing of DNA information onto a database by law enforcement agencies. Can be used for any reason in the future.
-Alternative name for a base.
-A structure that is found in most cells containing genetic material.
-The observable physical characteristic of an individual.
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)
- Is the use of an enzyme polymerase to copy multiple specific regions of DNA sequences so that a sufficient amount is used DNA analysis.
-The variation of DNA sequences in an individual.
-The chance of a future event occurring.
-The use of statistical methods to make predictions based upon a small sample of a large population.
-A short strand of DNA that is used to detect specific genes.
- Is the calculation to determine the chance of finding a unique DNA profile in a given population by multiplying the frequency of occurrence of genes found at specific loci. This process is repeated over several loci’s to obtain a complete DNA profile.
-These are requirements on laboratories that carry out DNA analysis so as to obtain evidence that procedures are performed correctly.
- A non-bias, non –systematic selection process.
-An enzyme, which cuts specific regions in a DNA sequence.
RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM (RFLP)
-The variation of a length in a variable DNA sequence.
- Selection of observation produced by an individual (usually for the prime purpose to produce a result in order to increase some knowledge about a population concerned).
SHORT TANDEM REPEATS (STR’s)
-Copies of numerous small fragments of DNA sequence arranged one after another in specific regions of chromosomes.
- A probe that uses specific sites to detect certain genes. Normally, this type of probe produces two DNA bands on the autoradiograph for a heterozygote and only one DNA band for a homozygote.
-Name taken from a Scottish inventor, Edwin Southern, whom developed the transfer of DNA fragments, which is separated by gel electrophoresis onto a nylon membrane so that it can be used by biological probes.
- Under certain conditions restriction enzyme cut a different DNA sequence, than that was originally intended.
-Mathematical approach of collating; organising and subsequently analysing data that relate to a larger population.
STOCHASTIC EFFECT (with reference to LCN DNA typing)
-A term use to describe that the fewer cells used in LCN DNA typing, the increase likelihood there are missing bands and no satisfactory explanation can be given why this occur.
-Refers to a small homogenous population whom tend not to mate with outsiders for cultural, geographical or ethnic reasons. Subpopulations tend to increased genetic similarities compared with heterogeneous populations.
VALIDATION
-The evaluation of DNA methodology before gaining acceptance for general use.
VARIABLE NUMBER OF TANDEM REPEATS (VNTR)
-Repeats of DNA sequences that are categorised in RFLP.
